INTRODUCTION
These notes are not an ideological manifesto, nor a political program or an industrial project. They are the staff proposal a path to give substance to the concept of ecological conversion on the basis of some examples of manual and an operational plan.
The concept of ecological conversion, which was introduced years ago by Alex Langer, refers to both the subjective and personal dimension (that of lifestyle, consumption patterns, the personal) of the changes proposed, both to their size and social objective (the value of new products, new market relations, the new organization of work).
The ecological conversion involves the adoption of lifestyles and consumption patterns based on simplicity, that does not mean misery, or poverty, or sacrifice, but use and distribution più equa delle risorse tanto in campo sociale (tra le diverse classi) quanto a livello geografico globale (tra le diverse aree geografiche). Ma significa anche riportare, tanto in ambito locale e nazionale, quanto in ambito continentale e planetario, il sistema produttivo entro un quadro di sostenibilità imposto dai limiti fisici e biologici del pianeta in cui viviamo, salvaguardando, potenziando e qualificando l’occupazione e valorizzando la dotazione di tecnologia, di impianti e di conoscenze dell’apparato industriale e produttivo esistente.
Riferimenti obbligati della conversione ecologica sono i territori (aree vaste, città e loro hinterland, ovvero ambiti regionali e subregionali) e i loro abitanti, dato che the path of transformation tends to reconstitute the social ties that are not based solely on the market but "governed" by the recovery of a shared control (a form of self-government) on economic and social processes: this does not eliminate, nor things present, nor in the future, the fact that the engine of change is and remains the conflict, both within the same local community, and between this, or some of its components, and the extraterritorial powers that now rule the world.
Not everything can or should obviously be "reterritorialize. I do not have to be knowledge, skills and creativity, which should be liberalized and the most common able thanks to the opportunities offered by the network, which allows a flow of information (bit) in real time. Should be used instead as a general method of approach to bring as much as possible the production of physical goods (atoms) to the places of their use or consumption (hence the concept of zero km) to return to the community and through them , who produces a greater degree of control over the quality and the fate of the products, and those who use or consume the possibility to influence, through shared processes, the quality of goods which can be accessed.
But there are processes, and this covers a large part of industrial production, where margins territorialization are necessarily limited, because, beyond the recycling of waste production and consumption, and they must be fed, at least for many years to come, with raw materials not available locally, or continue to require economies of scale that necessarily place them in the middle of "long networks" of supply and marketing that can not be resized beyond certain limits. The fact remains that the conquest of new forms of control by the communities in whose territory these plants are located (and which derive income and suffer social and environmental impacts) is fully part of the aims of ecological conversion.
We do not know what the context in which we live and work in the coming years could be dominated by military conflict (hot or cold) triggered by commercial competition, from social unrest caused by the spreading economic crisis in a growing number of countries, but without direction and guidance shared, which could lead in many cases narrow increasingly authoritarian to the people. The most likely scenario is still that of a growing environmental chaos caused by the proliferation of extreme events to which the government and multilateral agencies are increasingly unable to address or remedy.
What we can unfortunately be quite certain is the fact che non andiamo incontro a un nuovo periodo di espansione economica a livello globale. Gli elevatissimi tassi di crescita dei principali paesi “emergenti” sono per ora irrevocabilmente legati al permanere degli squilibri finanziari attuali. Può essere che alcuni di questi paesi riescano a sganciare le loro performances dal quadro globale, ma questo, se avverrà, difficilmente potrà avere effetti trainanti sul resto dell’economia mondiale. Non ci saranno più, in altre parole, altri “Trenta anni gloriosi” (1945-1975). Nel complesso, il futuro dell’economia dell’Occidente sarà quindi dominato dalla stagnazione. Il percorso della conversione ecologica deve poter adattarsi, nel bene e nel male, a each of these possible scenarios.
The ecological conversion can still be a factor in the sharing of guidelines, operational liaison and direct involvement for the actors of the coming social conflicts, to the promoters of good practices for the subjects of many forms of resistance to the molecular forms in which domain is exercised, for those experiencing or showing disgust for the oppressive climate that characterizes the current state of affairs in our country and around the world. On the same issues addressed here is in fact a long time to work a myriad of subjects, bodies and movements that have already presented several times as "the second world power" in the political arena and social world, even if you are temporarily eclipsed or have succumbed in the face of stronger powers for much of their
The focus of the conversion is made possible by the shift from a consumption model based on individual access to goods and services to more and more daring forms of consumption shared: the shared management of consumption, however, does not eliminate the individual character and "custom" is not "collectivization" consumption, but to join forces to improve the effectiveness and reduce costs.
The promotion of new forms of shared consumption - meaning control or air conditioning on the conditions in which the good or services are produced, distributed or paid - is both the way and the goal of a participatory democracy that involves people's active citizenship and make her grow in number and capacity of self-government: it should become protagonists in the manner peculiar to each specific subject , workers and their organizations, volunteering el'associazionismo base, local governments or any of their segment, and those social enterprises, including private funding, especially if a local, open to change.
The design and implementation of this step requires an open dialogue with all stakeholders possible, a comparison that in most cases will imposed by conflicting rules, ie the fight, and others may be favored by precipitating the crisis.
The proposals gained significant and in some cases had already been tested through years of reflection and practice within the movement are winners. In an open and transparent manner, wherever possible it can not but give priority to his case. That does not mean you also require the proposed solutions (between saying and doing is half the sea). But the road ahead to win the consent of the interests and people involved is this.
Then you have to find a contractor, individual or "collective" to manage the new processes. Entrepreneurship like today is almost entirely absent, but can still be born: it is among the companies into a corner by the crisis, both as an expression of instances of organized civil society, new public administrators may become credible if those inept will be placed on the ropes, even regardless of the electoral process that selects them today, associations and unions will have to reorganize based on a new footing, not to mitigate the conflict to the state of affairs that is the mainspring of all social changes, but to expand its role enhancing both general and specialist skills which they can draw.
But because it comes a ruling class conscious divided and scattered, can exploit their natural resources, historical and human, willing to accept and benefit from the inevitable conflicts, you must first create the locations, open the "public spaces" where it can develop a direct comparison between the different positions at stake.
SOME EXAMPLES:
today's most popular model of a "transfer of power" of this kind, even of minimal size and value of almost exclusively original, is perhaps represented by the GAS: Buying groups supportive. They are voluntary associations of active citizens who organize to bypass the intermediary business - and its costs – e per accedere in modo diretto ad acquisti di qualità controllata: prevalentemente, ma non solo, in campo alimentare (prodotti dell’agricoltura biologica o di lavorazioni tradizionali). Nel promuovere la loro pratica mettono al lavoro e sviluppano nuovi saperi: quelli che permettono loro di esercitare un controllo sulla qualità e i processi produttivi di ciò che comprano.
Ma al tempo stesso stimolano un numero crescente di imprese agricole e di trasformazione ad adeguarsi agli standard richiesti e quindi a imboccare la strada di una riconversione ambientale. In questo processo lo stimolo è reciproco: il produttore che apre la sua azienda alla verifica del consumatore, gli trasmette – trasmette ad alcuni, i più disponibili a farsene coinvolgere - i suoi saperi e ne riceve a sua volta nuovi stimoli.
Manca ancora, in questo intreccio, un terzo attore: l’amministrazione locale. In alcuni, rari, casi comincia a fare la sua comparsa. Per esempio con la promozione dei farmer’s market e con la diffusione degli orti urbani. Ma se la promozione dei GAS, da iniziativa spontanea di gruppi ristretti di cittadini attivi, venisse adottata da una amministrazione locale, garantendo il coinvolgimento organizzato degli utenti, potrebbe gradualmente coinvolgere un numero crescente di cittadini, favorire una vera riconversione del territorio agricolo circostante e investire progressivamente altre produzioni – non solo, necessariamente locali, ma sempre characterized by a direct relationship with the partners that express the needs of a community.
Let us now transfer this pattern to the energy sector: energy market (gas and electricity) has been liberalized, but you can not just think that every user is going in and take these courses to change suppliers whenever they present convenience. But what I can do the individual user - even if it is a small company - it can make all the bargaining power of the associated users (some companies already do), and much better to promote, justify or warrant this association is the body Local.
to the market ci vuole una mediazione: una ESCo (e qui si apre un vastissimo campo alla promozione di nuove imprese) che agisca per conto di tutti gli associati; e che, oltre a contrattare le forniture energetiche, interviene nelle abitazioni e nelle imprese degli utenti associati per promuovere misure di efficienza energetica, sfruttando gli incentivi (come i certificati bianchi) a cui il singolo utente non ha per lo più la possibilità di accedere. Ma anche attivando i finanziamenti resi possibili dalla cessione degli incentivi del conto energia per promuovere l’installazione di muovi impianti.
La valorizzazione delle fonti rinnovabili, per chi ha a disposizione un tetto, o una pertinenza esposta al vento, o una falda suscettibile di sfruttamento geotermico, o la prossimità con una fonte di scarti agricoli o forestali, può avvenire in forma decentrata; oppure in forma associata (e di questa soluzione ci sono già importanti esempi): abbinando cioè un gruppo di utenti a un impianto centralizzato gestito dall’Amministrazione locale o da una società a questa associata.
Naturalmente non potrà candidarsi a operazioni del genere un’Amministrazione che non abbia innanzitutto provveduto ad attivare tutte le forme possibili di efficienza energetica e di ricorso alle fonti rinnovabili negli edifici e negli impianti che appartegono al suo patrimonio. E poiché questi interventi hanno bisogno di progettisti, di installatori e di manutentori, è in questo modo which promotes the creation, conversion and distribution of companies that can answer this question, with good prospects for the territory as a whole should no longer resort to organizations and personnel who come from far away (and that will be available shortly ensure timely maintenance).
At a higher level of coordination between local authorities and between contiguous territories may be fostered by ensuring a secure market outlet during the period and have a plaond committed to even further development of producers and suppliers of plants, or propose to convert the production of equipment for the exploitation of renewable sources, or their components, voted to close factories or intolerable downsizing (but this could help to challenge harmful or even deadly products, like luxury cars and weapons, despite the fact that the markets should be doing well).
What is proposed here in the energy field can be repeated in many other areas, from phone bills and internet access to the contract jointly flexible mobility, land management and its hydrogeological, shared management of all facilities that are or may be community property.
TERMS IMERESE
How, for example, plant in Termini Imerese? The only sure thing in the sarabande of figures, allusions, amendments and denials that have accompanied the presentation of Italy's Fiat factory phantom program and the subsequent "agreements" of Mirafiori and Pomigliano was the closure of the Sicilian.
that remains is to convert: a production that promise, however, to be able to expand in the coming years - whatever the economic situation - and for which Sicily could also act as a bridgehead for penetration across the Mediterranean basin. The sectors whose candidacy is more sensible are energy efficiency and renewables.
Over thirty years ago, Fiat had developed the Totem: a mobile system of micro-efficient, functional either on petrol or gas engine based on the 127. Then he dropped the project. This was taken last year, Volkswagen, with which the engine will produce at least 100 thousand of the golf facilities of its kind to be installed in apartment buildings, small businesses, offices, used to produce electricity, heating, cooling, freezing, sterilization with an efficiency that approaches 100 percent. Why not in Italy?
In a larger, all the technology of micro cogeneration (up to 3.2 MW of electrical power), which now dominates the German industry was born from the development of marine engines: up to thirty years ago, Fiat had of establishments for their production (the Great Motors) who then abandoned (Fiat industrial preserves one in France). Resume may be more complicated, but not unrealistic. Terms
is still a metalworking factory and the rotors of wind turbine blades fit perfectly in this series and can enhance the professionalism of many of those involved in the production of Y10. The same applies to the geothermal pumps and rotors that take advantage of currents, tides and waves. Otherwise you can engage in mass production of solar thermal and photovoltaic. Today we import almost all of them. Would completely change the genre, but the factory is still there, it could still el'indotto mechanical advantage.
D’altronde, a pochi chilometri di distanza (a Bagheria) si sta lavorando per costruire un “polo” delle energie rinnovabili. Niente a che fare tra una fabbrica che rischia la chiusura e un progetto ancora tutto da realizzare che assorbirà comunque ingenti risorse pubbliche? Per entrambi il mercato è alle porte: in Sicilia; nel resto d’Italia; in tutto il Mediterraneo.
Ovviamente non basta enunciare un obiettivo. Bisogna costruire il contesto: cioè il mercato, la tecnologia, i finanziamenti, il coinvolgimento dei lavoratori e del tessuto sociale, la formazione. Alla Fiat non si poteva certo – né era opportuno farlo - chiedere di impegnarsi nel nuovo business; se le fosse interessato, would have already done so. But to sell the plant, plants, what remains of its know-how, to provide free technical assistance and training for the retraining of workers, certainly yes.
The new project should ensure a safe market for the years of being started. I can do, along the lines of what they've done the Tuscan cities to support the conversion of Electrolux Scandicci the production of solar panels, hundreds of government agencies, both in Sicily and elsewhere in Italy, which would undoubtedly benefit in terms of efficiency and cost savings.
Many of these projects are also financed by the formula TPF (TPF): a financial institution anticipates funds and then builds incorporating the fruits of savings in the bill and any incentives. For the public body the surgery for free, or nearly so. The rest of the funds needed for the conversion can be anticipated by banks guaranteed by the Region of Sicily, unlike any other, has plenty of money and most of the waste.
workers - not just those of the Fiat, but also those industries - the unions and the territory's population should be involved right from the start, to make them aware of the potential benefits and also risks of the project, but putting them in front failure to secure a last resort. E Termini Imerese potrebbe diventare un caso esemplare.
Ma l’esempio di Scandicci dimostra che quando ci sono gli impianti, il mercato, i lavoratori e i soldi, qualcuno disposto a “rischiare” – per così dire – si trova sempre. Il problema è solo quello di selezionarlo e poterlo controllare seriamente.
LO SCHEMA OPERATIVO
Qualsiasi iniziativa di conversione ecologica, a qualsiasi livello, ha bisogno di fare riferimento a un inquadramento generale: a livello regionale, nazionale, continentale e planetario, a cui è demandata una duplice funzione:
· Garantire un approccio, una prospettiva e un pensiero globali a un agire necessariamente locale;
· Define programmatic guidance on where to call to discuss - and possibly to act - the various political entities, social, professional and cultural references now completely devoid of strategy.
This framework will necessarily be a work in progress, which must be defined and updated on the basis of three contributions:
· The collection and processing on the synthesis of the key economic, social, environmental, both at local and general: regional, national, continental, global (this is not to set up a research center, but only to anchor our work in a framework of scenario);
· The development of technologies and best practices (and related costs, compared to those of the solutions business as usual) in the major fields of reference (for which see below);
· The theoretical and practical contributions (good practice) provided by local bodies which make up the proposed route. Already
only at this level - but a further and greater opportunity can come from the joint commitment of the trail at the local level) involving a large part of the university (student organizations, researchers and teachers available) and some research centers offer students the opportunity to move to a commitment continuativo, di una crescita culturale e di un confronto permanente con le altre componenti che verranno coinvolte in questa iniziativa (Fiom e altre forze sindacali, centri sociali, comitati di base o di scopo e associazioni locali) in grado di trasformare radicalmente, agganciandole a una prassi concreta e costruttiva, le attività che si svolgono in sede accademica e scolastica.
L’elaborazione di questo quadro di riferimento procederà, con contributi volontari e a titolo gratuito, organizzato per commissioni tematiche e soprattutto attraverso collegamenti in rete. Una o due volte all’anno si procederà a rendere pubblici, attraverso dei convegni, lo stato di avanzamento dell’analisi, delle proposte e delle eventuali iniziative concrete. Il gruppo che lavorerà su questi temi è aperto a ogni contributo compatibile con le finalità del processo.
A livello nazionale, l’elaborazione del quadro di riferimento individua (in ipotesi) quattro macroaree tematiche che hanno per oggetto le principali determinanti della conversione ecologica:
· Fonti rinnovabili ed efficienza energetica;
· Agricoltura, tutela del territorio, industria agroalimentare, sistema distributivo;
· Beni comuni fisici: realizzazione, manutenzione, ristrutturazione, gestione e governo delle infrastrutture (servizio idrico integrato, telecomunicazione, vettoriamento elettrico, vie di comunicazione, ecc.)
· Mobility: redevelopment of urban facilities, promotion of online services, public transport along the lines of force, flexible mobility, distribution of goods (central, on this point, are the assessments on the impact on the future and on the substitutability entrusted to the mobility of car ownership and, consequently, the prospects of the automotive industry: still a major source of employment, direct, induced and system resource consumption and land, air and soil pollution, to production of greenhouse gas emissions).
The overall framework will deepen, update or develop for each of the macro in question, the greatest number of the following questions:
· Capacity (renewable for a single source, energy efficiency, and sector by sector, for transport, agricultural production, of multifunctionality in agriculture, the distribution network in short, adaptation of infrastructure, methods of transporting people and goods), all divided by macro-regional (at least North, Central, South and Islands);
· Opportunities for development of certain actions with regard to the continuation / enhancement of existing solutions;
· Timing hypothetical conversion and the costs and benefits; sources of funding used and revenues;
· Estimating the impact on employment and income;
· barriers and obstacles (economic, technical, social, cultural) to the measures and possible solutions to overcome them;
· Measures regulations, laws, regulations and incentives to be proposed or discouraged.
Most of these issues has already been developed in various locations. It's made a synthesis with an operational dimension, explaining the diversity of orientations and evaluations found, to make it available to an audience of "users" non-specialist and widely as possible. The presentation regular progress of the development will be enhanced input from the geographical locations of the route.
At the local level - city, community, a vast area, factory, company, neighborhood, etc.. - The initiative oriented to ecological conversion can only develop "patchy" based on factors such as (by way of example):
• The degree of cohesion and maturity of the debate within the bodies concerned;
· The urgency imposed by the crisis (especially in employment - corporate crises - or environmental - waste, flooding, pollution, earthquakes, etc.).
· The social acceptance of specific and detailed proposals;
· The quality of the natural, productive and cognitive development that can be put to work;
The structure of the course at the local level proceed simultaneously the preparation and updating of the overall framework and how we configure the development of proposals for action at local level on the basis of opportunities identified. It must be promoted in every area involved, from an initial core that, as a hypothesis in principle, can come from such entities as:
° Category or organizations students, lecturers or experts;
· local committees or purpose (waste, the water service against certain infrastructure, etc.).
· Representation of trade unions and workers of factories or companies in crisis;
· administration premises or their individual members;
° Associations professional
· Single companies or their representative associations.
At this level the contribution of specialist technicians, professionals, lawyers, economists and students is essential to give substance to the proposals. The core promoter will produce a document in some way related to this framework, and invite a comparison - in the manner and in a timely manner - all the bodies referred to above, proposing to join, participate in its further development, deepening it, or change or expansion to other themes.
aggregation that eventually it will also work to form committees for thematic develop more detailed proposals, will highlight alternative perspectives presented in documents on the progress of the work.
In aggregate these organisms so you do not vote and each person or entity Participant retains complete autonomy in its decisions and measures against the positions that have emerged in the debate, engaging only to continue the comparison, possibly based on a wider involvement of subjects or themes.
bodies which are found to converge on specific goals, proposals may independently promote initiatives to propose, claim, or to realize their projects.
In this perspective, the key determinant of ecological conversion is the "territorialization" of processes, the most direct link between production and consumption.
But the involvement of local governments is essential, though not essential. Serves to give legitimacy, strength, and in some cases, financial guarantees and start certain initiatives.
IL RUOLO DELLE AMMINISTRAZIONI LOCALI
Con pochissime eccezioni, le amministrazioni locali e soprattutto il loro personale politico (ma anche quello inquadrato nella struttura) non hanno la cultura, la sensibilità e le conoscenze per avviare, o anche solo aggregarsi, a processi del genere. In questo campo c’è un’opera vastissima di sensibilizzazione e di informazione da sviluppare.
Inoltre, anche se lo volessero, le amministrazioni locali non dispongono e disporranno sempre meno di strumenti operativi. La legge italiana, violenta versione nazionale di orientamenti formalmente liberisti, in realtà privatistici – ma assai meno vincolanti - dell’Unione Europea, impone loro di dismettere le imprese controllate o partecipate, per affidarle a gestioni private e a processi di aggregazione (vedi i casi di Hera, A2A, Enìa, Iride, Acea, ecc.) che le allontanano sempre più dal territorio, dalle sue esigenze e, soprattutto, dalle possibilità di un controllo diretto da parte degli utenti; per trasformarsi in holding coinvolte nel gioco finanziario planetario che ha scatenato e continua a riprodurre la crisi che stiamo attraversando.
Per invertire rotta bisogna uscire da una cultura della competitività (tutti contro tutti, per niente altro che la “sopravvivenza”) che non fa che abbassare sempre più gli standard di chi vive del proprio lavoro, senza offrire alcuna prospettiva a una autentica conversion environment.
should in their territories to be returned to local authorities the opportunity, as much openness in the face of its directors, of doing business, to promote agreements that ensure those who undertake to market products that match a pattern shared by support redirection of production companies have no future, or that take away the future to others.
In this sense, a reprise of the law Marcora (49/85) on the management of cooperative enterprises in disarmament, could serve as a means of experiments, where the responsibility for managing the conversion and the failure of his business was done, not only fall on the shoulders of workers affected but became the flag of a mobilization of the whole territory, involving and a real commitment of all the knowledge and skills can be activated.
the beginning of last century, to provide the less privileged part of its managed electricity, water, gas, sewer, transportation, and then also waste management, health care, cultural, or the Socialist-led government of our democratic country had established businesses "municipal," that they could control directly, graces the cover of a national law desired by Giolitti.
That system of public companies that now the law requires the dismantling has been done largely degenerare dal clientelismo e dalla trasformazione in società per azioni; senza però che la sua privatizzazione abbia portato alcun miglioramento agli utenti; mentre ha contribuito comunque non poco ad alimentare una nuova ondata di “finanziarizzazione” dell’economia e di “esternalizzazioni” dei servizi, affidati a catene di subappalti fondati sullo sfruttamento intensivo del lavoro.
Le forme dell’intervento delle amministrazioni locali nell’economia devono sicuramente cambiare; la trasparenza di tutte le operazioni effettuate e il coinvolgimento della cittadinanza attiva nella gestione o nel controllo ne devono diventare vincoli ineludibili, perché sono l’unico presidio nei confronti degeneration of patronage, then the doors that open to infiltration and control of organized crime, but there will be no recovery without a radical ecological conversion by the local government the power to intervene in the management of the processes of production and consumption affecting their territory.
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