Fish Sticks Quote South Park

I wrote for the magazine article on the subject Keywords reuse

The Earth does not belong to us. It is we who belong to the Earth. No portion or part of the Earth can really belong to anybody, because we are born and die, while the Earth existed before us and will continue to exist - and long - after us. What we have inherited from those who lived before us is not primarily the "property" that some relative of ours has left us, but the earth as a whole, because only that group allows us to live and reproduce, even if some portion of these lands - and perhaps even one in which we live - has already been tampered with or damaged by those who lived before us, and maybe since the beginning of the settlements humans, as has happened with the disappearance of large mammals in Central America, with the desertification of the Sahara after all'overgrazing with salinization of the soil of Mesopotamia for over-irrigation, with the deforestation of mountain slopes turned into many areas tailings and landslides. And above all, of course, since the industrial revolution started to work heavily on fossil fuels, with the saturation of the atmosphere with greenhouse gases, the pollution of air, water and soil with synthetic substances that bodies natural evolution products are not designed to metabolize and to reintegrate into a new trophic cycle in a reasonable time, con l’introduzione di potenti e sempre più gigantesche macchine per il movimento terra, in grado di spianare intere montagne e aprire voragini nelle viscere del pianeta, con l’impermeabilizzazione di una quota crescente del suolo per farci correre sopra le nostre automobili, far decollare e atterrare i nostri aerei, depositare a terra milioni di container in attesa di essere trasportati da una parte all’altra del globo. Eccetera.


Quello che qualcuno di noi può avere ereditato o avere acquistato nel corso della sua vita come “proprietà privata”, dal cui godimento escludere tutti gli altri, ha trovato e può ancora trovare una giustificazione nelle esigenze connesse al funzionamento – a un particolare tipo di funzionamento, che ha avuto anch’esso un inizio e ha avuto o avrà una fine nel corso dell’evoluzione storica – della macchina produttiva: a condizione, come recita anche l’art. 41 della Costituzione italiana, che non leda “l’utilità sociale” o “la sicurezza, la libertà e la dignità umana”. Lo stesso vale per quelle porzioni di suolo, grandi o piccole – locali, regionali, “nazionali” o continentali – in cui ci è capitato di nascere e, in base a questo solo fatto, di diventare titolari di particolari diritti di cittadinanza. Ma la Terra è di tutti – di questa come delle future generazioni – perché noi apparteniamo alla Terra; e, fatte salve ragioni di “ordine pubblico” ciascuno di noi dovrebbe avere diritto di trasferirsi in quella parte del pianeta che del pianeta che più gli aggrada.

Ma l’uso che la specie umana fa della Terra – e, sempre più, di ogni particolare porzione di essa – non si limita a cambiarne i connotati, ma spesso, e sempre più di frequente nel corso degli ultimi secoli, le manda in malora: cioè le rende inospitali non solo per chi ci abita e per la specie in generale; ma sempre più anche per tutti gli esseri viventi: animali, vegetali, funghi o licheni. L’uomo, che spesso si è posto al punto terminale di una molteplicità di catene trofiche, appartiene also one of the species more vulnerable to changes resulting from tampering that he inflicts on the planet, because the biosphere could also survive and find a new balance in the vital structures in which human life may or may not be more space.

This maintenance of the planet Earth and all its component part and the repair time of failures that time, or wear, or neglect, or violence, they are ol'aggressione inflict the supreme imperative for every inhabitant of the planet from those portions and aspects that we are "at hand".

Why the Earth is made up of thousands and thousands of special items: "Natural" - forests, rivers, seas, mountains, lakes, plants and animals - and a thousand things "artificial", constructed and transformed by man throughout history - fields, homes, city streets, facilities, equipment, movable and immovable property - and maintenance and repair of each of them to make them last in their form and their original purpose, since there may be useful or necessary, is the primary way in which each of us, or each of the organizations, institutions, associations to which we belong, can "take care" of the health of the Earth as a whole. It is also the way, since the crowding of men and things in the evolution of the last two centuries has brought this planet, to minimize the need and the need to "produce" new things, ripping the environment more resources than that every year it is capable of regenerate it and pouring in more waste than it can accommodate because instead of repairing what we have we preferred to throw it away and replace it with something "new."

But this also involves efforts to open, for the benefit of reuse, all the possible outlets for products used: for e-commerce facilities, days and venues for the exchange of discarded objects, circuits and equipment dedicated to the collection of particular categories of waste, and access to durable goods dropped and handed over to the circuit for collecting bulky waste or to recycle (or ecocentric), laboratories of repair and restoration of broken things, flea markets.

Then, facilities for trade or sale of products discarded without being consumed. Which mainly concerns the food expired or soon to expire and many of the catering waste remained intact, but also the remains of the clothing store of ending the so-called outlet. All activities in which the small business is intertwined, or working side by side, both with large companies with charitable organizations that work with purpose and charity.

It is, as you can see, a very wide range of solutions. Some require a specific commitment to research and development by the producers (the modular production), other organizational systems and logistics complex (the returnable), others a strong civic commitment of the citizen-consumers (the abandonment of ' use throw-away). But all initiatives require extensive and large information campaigns and education, both in food and environmental.

Some, finally, will promote and "accompaniment" of entrepreneurship, that is a new business dedicated to social, private or cooperative. But all these activities fall comunque in un’unica politica generale, finalizzata alla promozione del riuso, che non può prescindere, per essere efficace, dalla diffusione di una cultura di maggiore affezione per gli oggetti di cui facciamo un uso quotidiano. Esattamente il contrario di ciò che ogni giorno ci propongono e ripropongono la moda e la pubblicità.

Ci sono molti casi in cui le possibilità del riuso sono indissolubilmente legate a strutture industriali o a circuiti organizzativi complessi, che non è nelle possibilità del singolo, e nemmeno di un ristretto gruppo di persone, attivare o costituire. Sono cose che al massimo possono essere chieste o rivendicate, cercando di farne l’obiettivo comune di campagne politiche e culturali e a fight against the largest possible.

A good example is made from products such as cloth diapers and absolutely waterproof, which do not require extra work for parents and that may very well be replaced in many cases disposable ones, and used and reused until the baby has not grown enough to do without. To use the channels of commerce that must make them available everywhere. The clearest example is still to make a vacuum: the elementary act of bringing a bottle of beer at the bar to get back the 30 or 50 cents a deposit, or bring the bottles of milk or soft drinks at the supermarket where they were purchased, is now established practice for years in many countries of northern and central Europe.

But that practice is not the residue of habits that even the oldest of us know, because they were already charged, imposed by the shortage in the years immediately after the war. Were inspired by a specific environmental precaution, even if you want a view of a possible shortage next venture of raw materials and energy.

But behind that simple act of returning the vacuum is a complex logistics organization that has standardized and unified the container formats used by different manufacturers (bottles, boxes, tins and cans), which ensure the withdrawal, sanitation, maintenance and the return to producers to re-enter a new cycle of production and consumption. And often, the rules mandating the security, or heavily penalize products that do not comply with the standards required.

E 'a circuit that stronger economic groups could manage - and in some cases run - in complete autonomy, but that still has a cost that discourages its maintenance (as exemplified by the gradual disappearance of returnable glass bottles in the Coke). While smaller companies, especially those that distribute local products, to "kilometer zero", that is, a territorial necessarily restricted, absolutely can not afford: they need a shared logistics.

Less complex, but far from simple, is another practice that is at the origin of the most successful policies for the reduction of municipal waste: the distribution of bulk materials through the dispenser, from fresh milk to detergents, from edible grains or powder to wine and beer. The containers used for supplying the dispensers and those customers who use the stores that use this system are a classic item that you use and reuse many times, without throwing it away each time, and thus not produce a sea of \u200b\u200bwaste. So it is

per le brocche usate per l’acqua da bere attinta direttamente dal rubinetto – e dio solo sa qual è l’impatto ambientale ed economico dei miliardi di bottiglie di plastica che vengono buttati via ogni anno, e dei camion che li trasportano su e giù per le strade dei cinque continenti – o per i contenitori dell’acqua distribuita dai dispenser collocati in scuole, uffici e strutture pubbliche, anche all’aperto e accessibili a tutti, magari dopo averla raffreddata o addizionata con anidride carbonica. Sistemi analoghi, che sostituiscono all’acquisto del prodotto e poi al suo smaltimento come rifiuto un contratto con l’impresa produttrice che si incarica non solo della sua produzione, ma anche della sua rigenerazione, his surrender and his retirement are increasingly in use for many highly polluting input in industrial production lubricants, solvents, catalysts. Even here we face a solution aimed at promoting industrial reuse.

The last prominent example is that of modular components that allow you to replace only the worn parts, broken or obsolete equipment, preserving for re-use everything else.

In some cases, that may go back to being the most frequent, as they were in pre-industrial societies and throughout the first phase of the industrial revolution, until a few decades ago, reuse does not entail a change of hands of property but solo la loro manutenzione.

In varie forme: dalle più elementari - come lavare i piatti o i pannolini, ieri a mano, oggi in una lavastoviglie o in una lavatrice - a quelle via via più complesse, che richiedono la riparazione invece della sostituzione del bene guasto nella sua interezza. Oppure la sostituzione di alcune delle sue parti soltanto: quelle logore od obsolete. O anche la loro riparazione, resa sempre più difficile perché ormai i pezzi di ricambio sono concepiti e fabbricati per essere sostituiti in blocco: basta pensare alle trasformazioni subite nel corso degli ultimi decenni da componenti come il cruscotto di un’automobile o la resistenza di un elettrodomestico.

La manutenzione è l’elemento fundamental guarantees "good end" of reuse: the indispensable condition of extending the life of an object, equipment, a building or a natural resource is the attention to their condition, their functionality, the their appearance, their hygiene or cleaning. In many cases, maintenance means repair. And this brings the chapter more delicate.

Why repair a well, whatever they may be, means knowing thoroughly; know how it works, knowing how to "put your hands inside," but also find or have the parts that require replacement. The object are more technologically complex, the more numerous, extensive and specialized knowledge required to repair it. More compòesso is the good nature that we want to preserve, the greater the interdisciplinary knowledge necessary to enable it to return to a balanced state-Up to a certain point are sufficient skills and abilities of those who object to it being used or I intend to possess, or those who live or work in contact with one or more hand large remnant of "nature". From a certain point on the intervention of expertise is indispensable, and in some cases even required by law.

The presence and prevalence in the society of knowledge and skills of this kind is the measure weight in a given social order is given to the "material culture", that is, not the high culture of the manifestations of the spirit, nor the technology of industrial production, but the "culture" of living with the objects of our daily lives.

Even when it is exercised in a professional, maintenance of an object, equipment or facility requires the virtues of attention, knowledge, intelligence and craftsmanship that Richard Sennett attributes to the modern craftsman Man (2008): how an approach to the work in which the author sees a radical alternative to the depersonalization and the emptying of the work that has characterized the Fordist mode of production, based on the fragmentation of tasks along the assembly line, and, in a crescendo of irresponsibility and alienation from the content of what is done, the scheme of work 'Flexible Man (Sennett, 1999), so-called post-Fordist own universe.

Through service as its prerequisite, reuse invests in fact the whole area of \u200b\u200bwaste management: in 1975, taking an "address" already formulated by the OECD, the then European Community (now EU) fixed in a directive who has made history with the principles of una corretta gestione dei rifiuti, stabilendo una gerarchia tra di essi: prima la riduzione, poi il recupero di materia; il “recupero energetico”, cioè, sostanzialmente, l’incenerimento dei materiali combustibili, ma anche la fermentazione anaerobica di quelli organici, con utilizzo energetico del biogas prodotto, avrebbero dovuto riguardare solo il materiale non altrimenti recuperabile; infine la discarica, doveva essere riservata esclusivamente ai residui dei precedenti processi.

Questa gerarchia è stata, come d’obbligo, ripresa in tutte le norme ambientali degli stati membri, e poi nelle leggi regionali, nei piani provinciali e comunali e in quasi tutti i contratti di servizio stipulati tra i comuni and businesses, urban sanitation. But it has never been applied in this form. Even in the most virtuous, the order in which the EU rules were implemented following exactly the reverse order. They began to put under the landfill, then moving on to produce a large number of incinerators "second generation" (with energy recovery and powerful, multiple filters for the abatement of pollutant emissions). Then, beginning with the packaging, was introduced to separate into a premise and prerequisite of the recovery of materials; at the end, and a few years ago, we began seriously thinking about waste reduction: the principle number one of the hierarchy. Produce less waste, you can: they have shown many industries for processing waste, but they're also showing some virtuous city - especially but not only in Germany - with regard to waste.

E 'this is the new frontier of waste management, along with the collection of what must be discarded, however, makes feasible the goal of "zero waste" (or rather "total recycling", which means to avoid sending smoke in precious metals contained in the waste to produce, with serious health risks, small quantities of energy): a target in the pursuit of which è ormai impegnato un numero crescente di comuni, di associazioni, di enti, di comitati in tutto il modo.

Ma che cos’è la riduzione dei rifiuti urbani? Oltre al frutto di uno stile di vita e di consumi più sobri e di una maggiore attenzione negli acquisti – comprando solo ciò che ci serve e che contiamo di usare veramente – è il riuso di quello che non ci serve più. In varie forme. Riuso degli imballaggi (che sono circa il 40 per cento in peso, molto di più in volume, dei rifiuti urbani che produciamo) con il sistema del vuoto a rendere e della vendita alla spina dei prodotti sfusi. Ritorno dell’acqua da bere in brocca (un contenitore riusabile), eliminando il traffico di bottiglie che attraversa ogni giorno la nostra penisola su pesanti camion.

Utilizzo di borse per la spesa in tessuto al posto dei famigerati shopper. Riuso di stoviglie lavabili con l’abbandono dei piatti e delle posate di carta o di plastica e riuso di moderni pannolini e pannoloni lavabili in lavatrice, che non sono gli antichi “ciripà” della nonna, ma il prodotto di una moderna tecnologia, abbandonando quelli usa-e-getta. Produzione e vendita di apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche fabbricate in forma modulare, in modo che il logorìo o l’obsolescenza di alcune parti permettano di sostituire solo i componenti guasti o superati e di continuare a usare tutto il resto. Eccetera.

L’Unione europea ha preso atto di questo dato e nella più recente revisione della normativa comunitaria sui rifiuti, la Direttiva 2008/98, ora recepita anche dall’Italia, introduce, inserendola tra la riduzione e il riciclo, le attività di “preparazione per il riuso”: che sono tutte quelle che possono concorrere a rimettere in circolo dei beni dismessi per destinarli allo stesso utilizzo a cui sono stati impiegati precedentemente; o a un uso analogo. Cioè selezione, pulizia, riparazione, utilizzo come componente, acquisto e vendita. Queste attività sono ora in attesa di una normazione da parte degli Stati membri, tra cui l’Italia.

Ma ciò comporta anche adoperarsi per aprire, a favore del riuso, tutti gli sbocchi possibili for products used: for e-commerce facilities; days and venues for the exchange of discarded objects, circuits and equipment dedicated to the collection of particular categories of waste, and access to durable goods dropped and handed over to the circuit for collecting bulky waste or to recycle (or ecocentric), laboratories of repair and restoration of broken things, flea markets.

Then, facilities for trade or sale of products discarded without being consumed. Which mainly concerns the food expired or soon to expire and many of the catering waste remained intact, but also the remains of the clothing store of ending the so-called outlet. All activities in cui il piccolo business si intreccia, o lavora fianco a fianco, sia con grandi imprese che con organizzazioni che operano con finalità assistenziali e di beneficenza.

Si tratta, come si vede, di una gamma molto ampia di soluzioni. Alcune richiedono un impegno specifico di ricerca e sviluppo da parte delle imprese produttrici (le produzioni modulari); altre sistemi organizzativi e logistici molto complessi (il vuoto a rendere); altre ancora un impegno civico dei cittadini-consumatori (l’abbandono dell’usa-e-getta). Ma tutte richiedono iniziative capillari e grandi campagne di informazione e di educazione, sia in campo alimentare che ambientale. Alcune, infine, comportano promozione e ”accompagnamento” di entrepreneurial initiatives, that is a new business dedicated to social, private or cooperative. But all these activities fall into one general policy, however, aimed at promoting the reuse, which can not be separated, to be effective, the spread of a culture of affection for the objects we use everyday. Exactly the opposite of what we offer each day and revive the fashion and advertising.

White Colour In Mouth

I posted an article on the manifest importance of defense and vindication of the dignity

(the text is slightly different from that appeared on the manifest, which took no account of the latest fixes)


many meetings and discussions to which I happened to participate I got the impression may underestimate the importance of an issue "pre-political", which took a huge weight in the mobilizations of recent months and that may have an even more in building a united front to fight. The events of the Feb. 13 women were called on behalf of the dignity of their kind. This has allowed many other more "political" to emerge and make their way into this container, general denunciation of insecurity, unemployment, explicit or implicit (the so-called "discouraged workers"), the gender pay gap, the "glass ceiling" careers, lack of social services, the permanence of an intolerable imbalance in the distribution of household loads, the compulsion to prevent seclusion evening for violence and harassment on the street (I forget surely many others). Alone, none of these issues would have the capacity - and in fact had not - to impose itself on public attention with the force that was on February 13, to earn the square, to give women knowledge of their abilities and their reasons. The claim to dignity has opened a path to all gigantic.


I no in the referendum of Mirafiori and Pomigliano have also been, first, another claim to dignity. Probably none of those who voted no not expect to win; e tantomeno di ottenere qualcosa di diverso da quello che si voleva imporre con il sì. Tuttavia quei no hanno aperto un varco alla Fiom, che li ha sostenuti. E, poi, a un vasto schieramento di lavoratori, precari e no, di comitati di lotta, di esponenti della “società civile” che hanno deciso di sostenerli in un processo che alla fine ha costretto una riluttante CGIL alla proclamazione dello sciopero generale (che è solo un primo passo verso altre mete, ancora tutte da definire).

Nella rivolta di studenti e ricercatori (e di uno ahimè sparuto gruppo di docenti) contro la legge Gelmini non c’è solo la denuncia della paralisi a cui è stata ridotta l’università; c’è soprattutto la rivolta contro il degrado e il disprezzo in cui vengono relegati conoscenze, ricerca, saperi critici, desiderio di appropriarsene, sforzi e dignità degli studenti. Ancor più le mobilitazioni degli studenti medi, che già l’anno scorso avevano accompagnato la rivolta di genitori e insegnanti contro i tagli alla scuola – dalle elementari alle secondarie – erano caratterizzate da una denuncia, sintetizzata nella frase icastica, mille volte ripetuta, “ci vogliono cretini e ignoranti”: che è l’epitome di una rivendicazione di dignità. La lotta per la difesa della cultura (quella che per il ministro Tremonti “non si mangia” e quindi non merita rispetto. Lui mangia ben altro!) nasce the same feeling.

Anyone in recent years (or earlier) has gone abroad, or in contact with any citizen of another European state can not be left humiliated by the fact that "others" are watching us now and ask us as Martians and require us how do we govern by a gangster, who is also a clown, and even a patient who buys a car satyriasis girls. There is something inside all of us who eats and feeds an impulse - the more annoying the more helpless - to deliver in any way from this conviction. On the other hand it is the art. 41 of the Constitution, what the government wants to abolish to say that the economic initiative can not be exercised, as well as against the social utility, freedom and security, even against human dignity. The one that Berlusconi wants to take away forever.

's claim to dignity is an aspiration which is rooted in the individuality of each one, but that is reflected and landing points only in a shared process of mutual recognition: recognition of the value, capabilities, potentials, but also difficulties, sufferings, weaknesses with each other. In a word, in a context of solidarity. As such the claim of his own dignity is the exact opposto della competitività, della volontà e della ricerca di una affermazione a spese degli altri, che è stata ed è il fondamento, più o meno esplicito, dello Zeitgeist; cioè dello spirito del tempo che ha dominato gli ultimi trent’anni e che si è concretizzato nel cosiddetto “pensiero unico”.

Una visione del mondo che nella sua dimensione strutturale si chiama liberismo: una dottrina che giustifica (più che praticare) la competizione universale – una versione totalizzante di “darwinismo sociale” – come soluzione “naturale” di tutti i problemi, sistema ottimale per “allocare le risorse” e promuovere il benessere di tutti. Ma che personally led the promotion and legitimization of universal servility. Because the most effective, fast and easy way to make inroads at the expense of others is totally becoming subject to who is higher up the social hierarchy. The commercialization of bodies, thoughts, actions, writings, votes, broadcasts, statements, political affiliations to which Berlusconi has accustomed for years is just the tip of the iceberg, the most grotesque and visible, of a feeling that permeates the whole 'universe dominated by single thought.

is not a matter of "values". It 's a structural fact, which is rooted in everyday behavior of a multitude of subjects; nei condizionamenti a cui ciascuno di noi è sottoposto da una precarietà sempre più diffusa, che investe ogni aspettio del vivere associato; non solo il lavoro, ma tutto: reddito, casa, famiglia, scuola, assistenza, relazioni, traffico, salute, futuro. Non è un problema solo italiano: in Francia ha scalato le classifiche un pamphlet (ora tradotto anche in italiano) di Stéphane Hessel, 93enne già membro della resistenza francese, dal titolo Indignatvi! E l’ultimo saggio di Serge Latouche (un autore su cui mantengo molte riserve) mette comunque al centro della sua proposta di decrescita la riconquista della dignità della persona. Segno che il problema non nasce solo da Berlusconi. L’esempio maggiore del value and dignity of the weight is still there at this time the revolt of the Arab peoples.

E 'wrong then see in those pre-political factors, of which antiberlusconismo was undoubtedly a catalyst, but also involving many - students, workers, intellectuals, unemployed men and women - that Berlusconi has been and perhaps will voters still an element "misleading", which could direct the movement towards false goals. Perhaps preparing the ground for an alternative to Berlusconi that safeguard and perpetuate the most significant features and "structural" state policy. E 'wrong for two reasons. The first

is that we have entered a time of great upheaval: no economist - or almost - had predicted the current crisis, and no one really knows if and how it comes out. But no political analyst predicted the explosion of riots in the Middle East and no one dares to predict whether and how to get out of it. In particular, as will emerge Berlusconi's Italy. What is certain is that a way forward based on cheap oil (to continue to march - and sell - millions and millions of cars, and everything else) and the "stability pact" that Europe is developing to bind up the plunder of income and living conditions of workers has not many chances to withstand the current turmoil.

The second reason is that the inventory of the damage caused by years of Berlusconi (such as opposition to the government) has not yet been done, and can not be done until that Berlusconi will remain in government. But in the end will come to light a world of rubble in productive, employment, environment, public administration, culture, politics, the "public spirit". No one knows this better than those who would or could take its place.

If Berlusconi continues to rule, not because he bought twenty or thirty deputies as he bought one hundred eighty or escort for his nights out. And 'because no "hard power" for now has an interest in putting in crisis, or else they would in a week. And not because those powers that be do not feel the weight of an ineffectual government, but, until hard, lets all - Confindustria, Fiat, Church Mafia, Armed Forces, Freemasonry - to follow his own path. That (see Fiat, see Church) is still a great way to breath. But once done out of Berlusconi, and cleared his story-telling power - including its ability to rise from its ashes like a phoenix, or your coffin as Nosferatu, is an essential component, to which the so-called left has all the contribution that could - with the new owners had the task of taking charge of that world of rubble. And no, for now, has not found the courage to do so or convenience

We must prepare ourselves to do it ourselves. Not us "left" (which will never be?) But we want to regain our dignity. How? Nobody knows yet. But many of us would like to know what to do and with whom. It is to recreate a public space, thousands of public spaces, where the "do", without being influenced by the impotence of the opposition parties, go back to talk about "the great" in a free exchange. The world is changing very quickly. If for better or worse depends also from all of us.

The Adult Film Star Pinky

I enter the lineup a week of my intervention policy (University of Torino) on crime and Environment

I'm not a lawyer: I have so much difficulty in practice is not my field. But it's inevitable: look contributions. I start from the distinction between crimes and offenses.


The offense is defined by a law positive law through specific case and sanctioned. In Italy complains about the lack of declarations and sanctions, so that environmental crimes are not covered as such in the penal code.

Even the Italian Constitution protects the environment as such (not appointment) except in the form of landscape and cultural heritage.



CRIME, however, the object of which we dealing with here is a wider concept: it includes behaviors that may affect the rights of others, even if these rights are somewhat vague, because the behaviors that violate them are not sanctioned by a law or an international convention, and even if the finding of this case is neither accurate nor specific. For this is a very elastic concept, but there is no doubt that the concept of crime is part of a common feeling that is the basis of human society.



The two issues that the concept of crime are brought into play: such behavior can or should be considered crimes? And what are those whose rights are violated by conduct criminal? Matters get complicated when the soil properly social relationships between citizens, or between individuals or between communities, classes, peoples and nations will go to the environment, about the relationship between man and nature.



The so-called environmental crimes are considered as such because they produce damage to the public, that the national community or local community and as such are prosecuted ex officio. In Italy these crimes are many. Legambiente each year, with the cooperation of the NOCs, will present a report called Ecomafie that contains an anthology of environmental crime statistics recorded during the year. Course registration is limited to crimes identified, that is the subject of a complaint of criminal proceedings or convicted in one of three instances. Escape this report crimes that have not been identified and in some cases are the majority. The main areas of concern this survey, in order, waste management, illegal building, pollution of air, water and soil, hydrogeological, violence against animals.



Both the crime that the crime should be distinguished from environmental damage, which is a concept of economic order, although it may be caused, and for the most part it is, by conduct which prejudices the rights of others. The concept of environmental damage found the basis for a systematization of its liberal system - not by chance due to the Chicago school - in his essay The Problem of Social Cost of Ronald H. Coase, which leads to a question of law. A more precise allocation of property rights can call on market mechanisms to negotiate compensation for the damage inflicted or suffered.



In other words, the extent to which the ownership of a property is connected to the right to pollute other people's property or public goods? For example ilo car ownership includes the right to emit particulate matter from the exhaust? The possession of a home includes the right to emit smoke from the chimney? And vice versa il possesso di un’area include il diritto di non essere attraversata o investita dalle emissioni provenenti da sorgenti esterne? O il possesso di un campo include il diritto di non essere contaminati dal polline proveniente dagli OGM di un campo vicino? Se questioni come queste sono definite per legge, le eventuali esternalità possono essere fatte oggetto di una negoziazione: tra privati o tra i detentori di una proprietà privata e lo Stato, o una sua articolazione, in quanto titolari di una proprietà pubblica.



Nasce di qui la teoria e la pratica dei diritti di emissione, accolti in varie forme sia dai Protocolli di Kyoto che dalla normativa dell’UE: L’inquinamento è un reato, viola l’altrui law, only if it is not subject to negotiation. The building amnesty, which sound a series of crimes related to illegal construction, is only a special case of this approach.



In both cases, which is that both parties are private parties, is that one of them is a public, those involved in trading - and the prior definition of their property rights - are the citizens as holders Property Rights: Testing and undivided in one case, public and shared another.



If the protection of citizens' rights is taken by a public office, they may still constitute as a civil party in the event that there is found a violation of their right too specific.



But it is known as the law allows a civil action which may, through intermediaries, that is, through a guardian, not only children, the disabled, even in limited companies under private law and even civic associations or environmental organizations.



In the latter case, the question arises: who or what protects the interests of environmental organizations? Only citizens damaged, or even of the resource, good, hurt the environment? It 'clear that we'll be in a hole in the idea that the law only regulates relationships between people, that is, holders of rights may only be natural persons or legal entities.



A second passage seems to have been opened by the claims, formalized during the conference in Cochabamba in April of last year, and proposed to the COP16 summit in Cancun - both sponsored or promoted by the UN - to establish an International Criminal Court ON CRIMES AGAINST NATURE (not against nature). There is no legislation or national or international, or any agreement that defines these crimes and penalties.



Yet the court under this proposal has a precedent in the Nuremberg Tribunal, which has judged and condemned the Nazi criminals - individuals, not a state, although because of their role - for crimes such as genocide, which did not exist in any state law or under any international convention.



Only after the crime of genocide was introduced by the UN Convention on Human Rights (1948) and then in the legislation of many countries, including Italy (1967)



The proposal for an international tribunal environmental crimes reproduces this approach. For those who have cognizance of the consequences which already processes such as climate change caused by the abuse of fossil fuels or deforestation, or pollution of entire rivers have sull'assetto of an increasing number of geographical areas and the fate of the people who inhabit it, there is no doubt that if they are identified personal responsibility - and not just the general government - especially those who seek to impede the adoption of appropriate measures to reverse the current trends, these behaviors have all the features of a crime against humanity, although this review has not yet ratified by any law or agreement.



The establishment of an international tribunal on crimes against the environment, especially if endorsed and legitimized by the UN, might be the way to the assertion, at least in principle, a concept of crime that is now part of a common feeling for an increasing share of world population: particularly in the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and especially for the respective components of active citizenship and, in some cases, even to their representatives in government.



no coincidence that the proposal of an international tribunal on environmental crimes has been accompanied by the claim that the UN do its Declaration of Rights of Mother Earth.



And here we come to the last point. The rights of Mother Earth (Pachamama, language Quechua) have recently been included, and elected to general principles regulated directions in the recent establishment of two Latin American countries: Ecuador and Bolivia.



There is no doubt that this position translates a worldview marked by an interpenetration between man and nature's many traditional cultures, and predominantly rural community that is foreign to the thinking part of an urban dweller a Western country.



But it also said that the impending environmental disaster is attracting a growing number of people in a new sensibility and a desire to treat nature not as an entity da sottomettere e dominare, come era nel programma scientifico di Bacone, ma come un interlocutore capace in qualche modo di parlarci e di insegnarci qualcosa.



Un interlocutore che, nelle sua varie manifestazioni, è titolare di diritti ineludibili, come era stato annunciato alcuni decenni fa, per la prima volta, e sul solco di un ragionamento di pretta matrice occidentale, da Hans Jonas

Fill In Diagram Of A Boat

I published an article on urban hygiene GSA ban non-biodegradable shopping bags

Il problema

Il problema degli shopper non biodegradabili nasce dalla Legge 296/06 (la “finanziari” 2007, varata dal governo Prodi) che, ai commi 1129, 1130 e 1131 vietava, dal 1° gennaio 2011, la commercializzazione delle buste per asporto della merci non biodegradabili. The source of this prohibition is a long war in the environmental world, or a part thereof, against the proliferation of unnecessary packaging (shoppers - many believe - may be validly replaced by reusable bags or nets), in particular against plastic packaging (because it's the material, the problems associated with its collection and selection of polymers, it is more resistant to the recycling and ends in large part to fuel incinerators, however, having a calorific value of the oil and higher than all other waste), and especially against the "bags" that, in addition to all other problems, when they finish in mare o nei corsi d’acqua, sono all’origine del soffocamento di molte specie ittiche, che li scambiano per prede. Tutte cose sacrosante, ma che andrebbero affrontate in una prospettiva più concreta.



Nessuna misura ambientale senza adeguate politiche industriali

Innanzitutto la formulazione della norma è molto generica e gli operatori interessati (praticamente tutte la aziende di commercio al dettaglio e tutti i produttori di shopper) si attendono giustamente dei chiarimenti da parte delle autorità competenti. In secondo luogo, il divieto, una volta entrato in vigore, è destinato a “spiazzare” i produttori di shopper non biodegradabili: le aziende che li producono – probably along with other similar items - are about 4 thousand people and, according to the general manager of Unionplast, now have three quarters of the workforce in layoffs. It is not a sufficient reason to authorize the continuation of a production that is considered harmful. But if it is considered important or essential to ban, it would be a good idea to prepare project proposals and incentives to open businesses and workers hit the road for a redirection of production. It 'a rule that should accompany all environmental policies, so as not to make them unpopular and unacceptable to the people that it should benefit. The case of the shopper is a small example, that of the polluting plants, the arms industry, or other areas to scale, are clearly very important, but the rule applies to everyone and if you do not begin to adopt it in the simplest cases, like that of the shopper, it faces a disaster in all areas where the return of production and consumption within the parameters of sustainability is likely to require far greater sacrifices.

do not know if the Prodi government, which was launched this rule would then be to bring more determination in the enforcement decrees, both to field conversion measures for workers and businesses affected by the ban. The fact is that the new government that succeeded him, while confirming and maintaining in force the ban has not done anything and everything, to meet the pressing demands of the industry, the Ministry of Environment has been limited, last December, promising to "monitor the industry," to see if the market settle on its own, or if you require specific measures. For the moment it is limited to fixing two different extensions of the entry into force of the ban, closer to mass retailers and more left for the minute detail: to allow the distribution system to dispose of stocks, no extension, however, for those shoppers who produce them. That would have been wise if, in the three years that was already in office, the Government had cercato di affrontare il problema; il che non è stato.



Non si sa se il divieto è destinato a durare

Per questo diverse associazioni, tra cui Unionplast e il consorzio CARPI, hanno già imbracciato il fucile e impugnato la legge alla Corte di Giustizia Europea sulla base del fatto che una norma del genere, prima di diventare effettiva, deve essere sottoposta a un giudizio di conformità con la normativa comunitaria da parte dei competenti uffici della Commissione Europea; il che non è stato fatto. Tanto più che un analogo provvedimento, varato nel 2006 dalla Francia, era stato poi ritirato dopo un giudizio sfavorevole della Corte. A queste obiezioni il Ministero ha risposto che la normativa europea environmental protection measures, whether fully justifies limiting as those assumed and that the withdrawal of the rule by France had been a unilateral, voluntary, not forced.

outcome of a legal dispute of this probably will return in future issues, when they will be more clarified terms. Here we limit ourselves instead to address some practical problems raised by the prohibition of non-biodegradable shopping bags, which are of great importance both for our daily routines, both for the organization of work, both for environmental sustainability in general. The three questions are: What



shopper?

E 'first necessary to distinguish four different types of envelopes used for removal of goods: shoppers themselves, namely those funds are distributed to supermarkets, shops and markets of food and various goods, the thin bags used to collect and weigh Versuri and fruit in supermarkets, small bags used for removal of small items in pharmacies, stationery stores, hardware etc.. Plastic bags large and sometimes very strong, which are often packed the clothes and that, theoretically, can be reused, even if they have the same characteristics of canvas or plastic bags in supermarkets as shoppers reusable. Referring to next step the problem of biodegradability, the fact remains that, while all the remaining types of "bags" are also commercially viable substitutes and disposable paper or cardboard, the whole organization of many supermarkets and stores self-service was built serving the availability of lightweight bags for collection and weighing of fruit and vegetables, for which the substitution of equivalent transparent paper bags - cellophane - is highly problematic. Moreover, these bags are just reading the material more dangerous not only because hardly reusable for other purposes, such as the provision of mixed waste, but because they are easier to disperse and more dangerous to wildlife and plants when they reach the bed of a river or the sea. The countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America are literally infested with this type of waste left a bit 'everywhere, so much so that many of them, long before us, to prohibit its use is now widespread in the sale retail foods.



What does biodegradable. Biodegradable

not mean compostable. According to the UNI are compostable, which is suitable to be treated together with organic waste, only bags made of bio-polymers derived from starch - come il materB – le cui molecole si decompongono in presenza di umidità in un periodo non superiore ai sei mesi (negli impianti di compostaggio, in un tempo molto minore). Ma sono considerati biodegradabili, ma non compostabili, anche le cosiddette plastiche oxo-biodegradabili, che sono film di plastiche tradizionali di origine oleofinica – in genere polietilene o polipropilene – trattate con additivi che ne facilitano la decomposizione al contatto con l’ossigeno dell’aria; ma in non meno di un anno. Sono invece considerati scarsamente biodegradabili le plastiche additivate con una sostanza detta ECM (MasterBatch Pellets), che hanno tempi di decomposizione superiori all’anno, e per non più del 50 per cento del material, against the producers of this material, presented in his time as a biodegradable, have been recently imposed sanctions by the Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) for misleading advertising.

In any case, if the bags are delivered for biopolymers in plastics recycling, or recovered from the fraction of undifferentiated plant selection manual and mechanical, they are not recyclable plastic and can also create problems. Conversely, if the oxobiodegradabile plastic bags, which are recyclable, are being delivered to a composting plant as containers for organic waste, and may impede the process, however, compromise the result. The first case was a waste of material, in accordance with a possible degradation of the compost. Undoubtedly the adoption of reusable shopping bags (bags and fills), cellophane bags or reusable containers flexible and certified for the removal of fruit and vegetables from supermarkets could eliminate both problems. But it would take an agreement with all the exercises of the distribution network, as part of an industrial policy oriented towards sustainability which for now can not see the track.



But biopolymers are environmentally friendly?

The last major issue concerns not only shopper in biopolymers - Orai distributed to major supermarkets in place of non-biodegradable, and mostly imported, due to their lower cost, from China, and in which it was also denounced the presence of additives are not permitted and dangerous to health - but all the disposable products made from organically grown : first of all the dishes that give a note MaterBi "green" parties and public events where there is much use of disposable products. I'm really green?

No. Certainly not more so-called biofuels - or, more properly, "agro fuels" - promoted, sponsored and largely funded by several governments - including the European Union - as an alternative to fossil fuels; but are now under indictment for several reasons: take water and soil to food crops in a world increasingly hungry, are the skyrocketing food prices just because of competition from so-called energy crops lavishly funded, they are all ' origin of the destruction of primary forests in many tropical countries, is derived from crops that are widely used, resulting in degradation of soil, fertilizers and synthetic pesticides derived from petroleum, which make extensive use of machinery, plant and equipment powered by fossil fuels both on the field, under cultivation, and in the process, in flux, so that the final budget of emissions changing emissions has often than fossil fuels, a very small or no surplus. Unfortunately, what holds true for biofuels is even more true for biopolymers used in disposable products. The technology offers viable substitutes: mobile services, rental of supply and wash reusable dishes. Some municipalities not take charge. In others you should obtain some private enterprise. But it is a sector with a secure future.