Il problema
Il problema degli shopper non biodegradabili nasce dalla Legge 296/06 (la “finanziari” 2007, varata dal governo Prodi) che, ai commi 1129, 1130 e 1131 vietava, dal 1° gennaio 2011, la commercializzazione delle buste per asporto della merci non biodegradabili. The source of this prohibition is a long war in the environmental world, or a part thereof, against the proliferation of unnecessary packaging (shoppers - many believe - may be validly replaced by reusable bags or nets), in particular against plastic packaging (because it's the material, the problems associated with its collection and selection of polymers, it is more resistant to the recycling and ends in large part to fuel incinerators, however, having a calorific value of the oil and higher than all other waste), and especially against the "bags" that, in addition to all other problems, when they finish in mare o nei corsi d’acqua, sono all’origine del soffocamento di molte specie ittiche, che li scambiano per prede. Tutte cose sacrosante, ma che andrebbero affrontate in una prospettiva più concreta.
Nessuna misura ambientale senza adeguate politiche industriali
Innanzitutto la formulazione della norma è molto generica e gli operatori interessati (praticamente tutte la aziende di commercio al dettaglio e tutti i produttori di shopper) si attendono giustamente dei chiarimenti da parte delle autorità competenti. In secondo luogo, il divieto, una volta entrato in vigore, è destinato a “spiazzare” i produttori di shopper non biodegradabili: le aziende che li producono – probably along with other similar items - are about 4 thousand people and, according to the general manager of Unionplast, now have three quarters of the workforce in layoffs. It is not a sufficient reason to authorize the continuation of a production that is considered harmful. But if it is considered important or essential to ban, it would be a good idea to prepare project proposals and incentives to open businesses and workers hit the road for a redirection of production. It 'a rule that should accompany all environmental policies, so as not to make them unpopular and unacceptable to the people that it should benefit. The case of the shopper is a small example, that of the polluting plants, the arms industry, or other areas to scale, are clearly very important, but the rule applies to everyone and if you do not begin to adopt it in the simplest cases, like that of the shopper, it faces a disaster in all areas where the return of production and consumption within the parameters of sustainability is likely to require far greater sacrifices.
do not know if the Prodi government, which was launched this rule would then be to bring more determination in the enforcement decrees, both to field conversion measures for workers and businesses affected by the ban. The fact is that the new government that succeeded him, while confirming and maintaining in force the ban has not done anything and everything, to meet the pressing demands of the industry, the Ministry of Environment has been limited, last December, promising to "monitor the industry," to see if the market settle on its own, or if you require specific measures. For the moment it is limited to fixing two different extensions of the entry into force of the ban, closer to mass retailers and more left for the minute detail: to allow the distribution system to dispose of stocks, no extension, however, for those shoppers who produce them. That would have been wise if, in the three years that was already in office, the Government had cercato di affrontare il problema; il che non è stato.
Non si sa se il divieto è destinato a durare
Per questo diverse associazioni, tra cui Unionplast e il consorzio CARPI, hanno già imbracciato il fucile e impugnato la legge alla Corte di Giustizia Europea sulla base del fatto che una norma del genere, prima di diventare effettiva, deve essere sottoposta a un giudizio di conformità con la normativa comunitaria da parte dei competenti uffici della Commissione Europea; il che non è stato fatto. Tanto più che un analogo provvedimento, varato nel 2006 dalla Francia, era stato poi ritirato dopo un giudizio sfavorevole della Corte. A queste obiezioni il Ministero ha risposto che la normativa europea environmental protection measures, whether fully justifies limiting as those assumed and that the withdrawal of the rule by France had been a unilateral, voluntary, not forced.
outcome of a legal dispute of this probably will return in future issues, when they will be more clarified terms. Here we limit ourselves instead to address some practical problems raised by the prohibition of non-biodegradable shopping bags, which are of great importance both for our daily routines, both for the organization of work, both for environmental sustainability in general. The three questions are: What
shopper?
E 'first necessary to distinguish four different types of envelopes used for removal of goods: shoppers themselves, namely those funds are distributed to supermarkets, shops and markets of food and various goods, the thin bags used to collect and weigh Versuri and fruit in supermarkets, small bags used for removal of small items in pharmacies, stationery stores, hardware etc.. Plastic bags large and sometimes very strong, which are often packed the clothes and that, theoretically, can be reused, even if they have the same characteristics of canvas or plastic bags in supermarkets as shoppers reusable. Referring to next step the problem of biodegradability, the fact remains that, while all the remaining types of "bags" are also commercially viable substitutes and disposable paper or cardboard, the whole organization of many supermarkets and stores self-service was built serving the availability of lightweight bags for collection and weighing of fruit and vegetables, for which the substitution of equivalent transparent paper bags - cellophane - is highly problematic. Moreover, these bags are just reading the material more dangerous not only because hardly reusable for other purposes, such as the provision of mixed waste, but because they are easier to disperse and more dangerous to wildlife and plants when they reach the bed of a river or the sea. The countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America are literally infested with this type of waste left a bit 'everywhere, so much so that many of them, long before us, to prohibit its use is now widespread in the sale retail foods.
What does biodegradable. Biodegradable
not mean compostable. According to the UNI are compostable, which is suitable to be treated together with organic waste, only bags made of bio-polymers derived from starch - come il materB – le cui molecole si decompongono in presenza di umidità in un periodo non superiore ai sei mesi (negli impianti di compostaggio, in un tempo molto minore). Ma sono considerati biodegradabili, ma non compostabili, anche le cosiddette plastiche oxo-biodegradabili, che sono film di plastiche tradizionali di origine oleofinica – in genere polietilene o polipropilene – trattate con additivi che ne facilitano la decomposizione al contatto con l’ossigeno dell’aria; ma in non meno di un anno. Sono invece considerati scarsamente biodegradabili le plastiche additivate con una sostanza detta ECM (MasterBatch Pellets), che hanno tempi di decomposizione superiori all’anno, e per non più del 50 per cento del material, against the producers of this material, presented in his time as a biodegradable, have been recently imposed sanctions by the Italian Competition Authority (AGCM) for misleading advertising.
In any case, if the bags are delivered for biopolymers in plastics recycling, or recovered from the fraction of undifferentiated plant selection manual and mechanical, they are not recyclable plastic and can also create problems. Conversely, if the oxobiodegradabile plastic bags, which are recyclable, are being delivered to a composting plant as containers for organic waste, and may impede the process, however, compromise the result. The first case was a waste of material, in accordance with a possible degradation of the compost. Undoubtedly the adoption of reusable shopping bags (bags and fills), cellophane bags or reusable containers flexible and certified for the removal of fruit and vegetables from supermarkets could eliminate both problems. But it would take an agreement with all the exercises of the distribution network, as part of an industrial policy oriented towards sustainability which for now can not see the track.
But biopolymers are environmentally friendly?
The last major issue concerns not only shopper in biopolymers - Orai distributed to major supermarkets in place of non-biodegradable, and mostly imported, due to their lower cost, from China, and in which it was also denounced the presence of additives are not permitted and dangerous to health - but all the disposable products made from organically grown : first of all the dishes that give a note MaterBi "green" parties and public events where there is much use of disposable products. I'm really green?
No. Certainly not more so-called biofuels - or, more properly, "agro fuels" - promoted, sponsored and largely funded by several governments - including the European Union - as an alternative to fossil fuels; but are now under indictment for several reasons: take water and soil to food crops in a world increasingly hungry, are the skyrocketing food prices just because of competition from so-called energy crops lavishly funded, they are all ' origin of the destruction of primary forests in many tropical countries, is derived from crops that are widely used, resulting in degradation of soil, fertilizers and synthetic pesticides derived from petroleum, which make extensive use of machinery, plant and equipment powered by fossil fuels both on the field, under cultivation, and in the process, in flux, so that the final budget of emissions changing emissions has often than fossil fuels, a very small or no surplus. Unfortunately, what holds true for biofuels is even more true for biopolymers used in disposable products. The technology offers viable substitutes: mobile services, rental of supply and wash reusable dishes. Some municipalities not take charge. In others you should obtain some private enterprise. But it is a sector with a secure future.
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